Which Animal Requires The Most Energy Input Per 1 Kg Of Meat?

ABSTRACT

Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based nutrition, while an estimated 4 billion live primarily on a plant-based diet. The Us nutrient production system uses almost 50% of the total Us state area, 80% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil energy used in the country. The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the The states food organization, whether meat-based or plant-based, is not sustainable. The use of country and free energy resources devoted to an average meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (plant-based) nutrition is analyzed in this report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed are kept constant at nearly 3533 kcal per person. The meat-based nutrient system requires more free energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated iv billion alive primarily on a establish-based diet. The shortages of cropland, fresh water, and energy resource crave most of the 4 billion people to alive on a plant-based diet. The World Health Arrangement recently reported that more than 3 billion people are malnourished (1, 2). This is the largest number and proportion of malnourished people ever recorded in history. In large measure, the food shortage and malnourishment trouble is primarily related to rapid population growth in the world plus the declining per capita availability of land, h2o, and energy resources (three).

Similar the world population, the US population continues to grow rapidly. The United states of america population doubled in the past 60 y and is projected to double once more in the next 70 y (4) ( Figure 1). The U.s.a. food production system uses nigh 50% of the total US land area, approximately 80% of the fresh h2o, and 17% of the fossil free energy used in the country (3). The heavy dependence on fossil free energy suggests that the US nutrient organisation, whether meat-based or plant-based, is not sustainable. The use of land and energy resources devoted to an average meat-based nutrition compared with a lactoovovegetarian (found-based) nutrition is analyzed in this written report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed was kept abiding at almost 3533 kcal per person.

Figure 1.

Project of US population growth in the next 70 y (4).

LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN DIET

The lactoovovegetarian diet was selected for this analysis because almost vegetarians are on this or some modified version of this diet. In addition, the American Heart Association reported that the lactoovovegetarian diet enables individuals to meet bones nutrient needs (5).

A comparing of the calorie and food consumption of a lactoovovegetarian diet and a meat-based diet is provided in Table one. In the lactoovovegetarian diet, the meat and fish calories were replaced by proportionately increasing most other foods consumed in Tabular array 1 in the vegetarian diet except sugar and sweeteners, fats, and vegetable oils. The full weight of food consumed was slightly higher (1002 kg per year) in the lactoovovegetarian diet than in the meat-based diet (995 kg per year). The nearly food calories consumed in both diets were associated with food grains, and the 2d largest corporeality of calories consumed was from sugar and sweeteners.

Tabular array 1

Per capita nutrient consumption, energy, and poly peptide of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet in the United States

Food	Meat-based diet ^one	Energy	Poly peptide	Lactoovovegetarian diet ²	Energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	grand	kg	kcal	g
Food grain	114	849	24.9	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	four.3	40	two.0	seven.5	seventy	4.5
Vegetables	239	147	half-dozen.half dozen	286	155	eight.eight
Oil crops	6	71	3.0	eight	95	four.0
Fruit	109	122	1.4	112	122	1.9
Meat	124	452	41.1	0	0	0
Fish	20.3	28	iv.7	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.v	307.ane	473	30.0
Eggs	xiv.5	55	4.2	xix.two	73	5.vi
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.2	25	570	0.2
Animal fats	half-dozen.7	127	0.1	6.7	127	0.1
Saccharide and sweeteners	74	686	0.2	74	686	0.2
Nuts	iii.1	23	0.6	four.0	30	0.8
Total	994.9	3533	111.v	1001.5	3533	89.3
Feed grains ⁱⁱⁱ	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

Food	Meat-based diet ¹	Energy	Protein	Lactoovovegetarian nutrition ²	Energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	yard	kg	kcal	thou
Food grain	114	849	24.nine	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	4.3	40	2.0	seven.5	seventy	iv.v
Vegetables	239	147	6.vi	286	155	8.8
Oil crops	6	71	3.0	8	95	4.0
Fruit	109	122	1.iv	112	122	1.nine
Meat	124	452	41.i	0	0	0
Fish	20.3	28	4.seven	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.five	307.1	473	30.0
Eggs	14.5	55	iv.2	xix.2	73	5.6
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.2	25	570	0.2
Animal fats	6.7	127	0.1	6.vii	127	0.ane
Sugar and sweeteners	74	686	0.two	74	686	0.ii
Nuts	3.one	23	0.vi	4.0	30	0.8
Total	994.9	3533	111.5	1001.5	3533	89.three
Feed grains ^three	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

Data from FAOSTAT (six).

Estimated.

three

Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.

TABLE 1

Per capita nutrient consumption, energy, and poly peptide of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet in the Usa

Food	Meat-based nutrition ¹	Energy	Poly peptide	Lactoovovegetarian diet ²	Energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	1000	kg	kcal	one thousand
Food grain	114	849	24.9	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	four.3	40	2.0	vii.5	70	4.5
Vegetables	239	147	6.6	286	155	eight.8
Oil crops	6	71	iii.0	8	95	four.0
Fruit	109	122	1.4	112	122	ane.9
Meat	124	452	41.i	0	0	0
Fish	20.iii	28	4.vii	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.5	307.one	473	xxx.0
Eggs	14.5	55	4.2	19.2	73	5.6
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.2	25	570	0.2
Animal fats	6.7	127	0.1	6.vii	127	0.1
Sugar and sweeteners	74	686	0.two	74	686	0.2
Nuts	iii.one	23	0.6	4.0	30	0.eight
Total	994.9	3533	111.5	1001.five	3533	89.3
Feed grains ³	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

Food	Meat-based diet ¹	Energy	Protein	Lactoovovegetarian diet ²	Energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	k	kg	kcal	g
Food grain	114	849	24.nine	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	4.iii	forty	2.0	vii.v	70	4.5
Vegetables	239	147	6.6	286	155	8.viii
Oil crops	half-dozen	71	three.0	8	95	4.0
Fruit	109	122	1.4	112	122	1.nine
Meat	124	452	41.1	0	0	0
Fish	20.iii	28	4.7	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.5	307.1	473	xxx.0
Eggs	fourteen.5	55	4.two	19.2	73	5.6
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.ii	25	570	0.2
Animal fats	half-dozen.seven	127	0.1	6.seven	127	0.ane
Sugar and sweeteners	74	686	0.2	74	686	0.2
Nuts	3.i	23	0.6	4.0	30	0.8
Total	994.9	3533	111.5	1001.five	3533	89.iii
Feed grains ³	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

Data from FAOSTAT (half dozen).

Estimated.

three

Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.

The corporeality of feed grains used to produce the animal products (milk and eggs) consumed in the lactoovovegetarian diet was virtually half (450 kg) the amount of feed grains fed to the livestock (816 kg) to produce the animal products consumed in the meat-based diet (Table 1). This is expected because of the relatively large amount of brute products consumed in the meat-based diet (7). Less than 0.four ha of cropland was used to produce the nutrient for the vegetarian-based diet, whereas about 0.5 ha of cropland was used in the meat-based diet (viii). This reflects the larger amount of country needed to produce the meat-based diet (Table ane).

The major fossil energy inputs for grain, vegetable, and forage product include fertilizers, agronomical mechanism, fuel, irrigation, and pesticides (8, ix). The energy inputs vary according to the crops beingness grown (ten). When these inputs are balanced against their energy and poly peptide content, grains and some legumes, such as soybeans, are produced more than efficiently in terms of free energy inputs than vegetables, fruits, and animal products (8). In the United States, the average protein yield from a grain crop such equally corn is 720 kg/ha (x). To produce 1 kcal of plant protein requires an input of about 2.2 kcal of fossil energy (10).

MEAT-BASED Diet

The meat-based diet differs from the vegetarian nutrition in that 124 kg of meat and 20.iii kg of fish are consumed per twelvemonth (Table one). Note that the number of calories is the same for both diets because the vegetarian foods consumed were proportionately increased to brand certain that both diets contained the same number of calories. The total calories in the meat and fish consumed per day was 480 kcal. The foods in the meat-based nutrition providing the virtually calories were food grains and carbohydrate and sweeteners—similar to the lactoovovegetarian nutrition.

In the United States, more than than 9 billion livestock are maintained to supply the brute protein consumed each twelvemonth (11). This livestock population on average outweighs the United states of america human being population by virtually 5 times. Some livestock, such as poultry and hogs, eat simply grains, whereas dairy cattle, beef cattle, and lambs consume both grains and provender. At present, the US livestock population consumes more than than 7 times as much grain as is consumed directly past the entire American population (xi). The amount of grains fed to Us livestock is sufficient to feed about 840 million people who follow a found-based diet (7). From the US livestock population, a total of nearly viii 1000000 tons (metric) of animal protein is produced annually. With an average distribution assumed, this protein is sufficient to supply about 77 m of brute protein daily per American. With the addition of about 35 g of available plant protein consumed per person, a total of 112 g of poly peptide is available per capita in the United States per day (11). Note that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adults per twenty-four hours is 56 g of poly peptide from a mixed diet. Therefore, based on these data, each American consumes about twice the RDA for protein. Americans on average are eating too much and are consuming nigh 1000 kcal in excess per day per capita (12, thirteen). The poly peptide consumed per 24-hour interval on the lactoovovegetarian diet is 89 one thousand per day. This is significantly lower than the 112 1000 for the meat-based diet but all the same much higher than the RDA of 56 chiliad per day.

About 124 kg of meat is eaten per American per year (6). Of the meat eaten, beef amounts to 44 kg, pork 31 kg, poultry 48 kg, and other meats 1 kg. Additional fauna protein is obtained from the consumption of milk, eggs, and fish. For every 1 kg of high-quality animal protein produced, livestock are fed about 6 kg of plant poly peptide. In the conversion of plant protein to beast protein, in that location are 2 principal inputs or costs: 1) the direct costs of production of the harvest animal, including its feed; and 2) the indirect costs for maintaining the breeding herds.

Fossil energy is expended in livestock production systems ( Table 2). For example, broiler chicken production is the most efficient, with an input of 4 kcal of fossil energy for each 1 kcal of broiler protein produced. The broiler organisation is primarily dependent on grain. Turkey, also a grain-fed system, is next in efficiency, with a ratio of 10:one. Milk production, based on a mixture of two-thirds grain and one-3rd forage, is relatively efficient, with a ratio of 14:one. Both pork and egg production likewise depend on grain. Pork production has a ratio of 14:1, whereas egg production has a 39:1 ratio.

TABLE 2

Beast production in the United states of america and the fossil energy required to produce i kcal of animal protein

Livestock and animal products	Production volume ⁱ	Ratio of free energy input to protein output ²
	× x ⁶	kcal
Lamb	7	57:1
Beef cattle	74	40:1
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	60	xiv:1
Dairy (milk)	xiii	14:1
Turkeys	273	x:1
Broilers	8000	four:1

Livestock and animal products	Production volume ⁱ	Ratio of energy input to protein output ⁱⁱ
	× 10 ^{half dozen}	kcal
Lamb	seven	57:1
Beef cattle	74	twoscore:1
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	threescore	14:ane
Dairy (milk)	thirteen	fourteen:ane
Turkeys	273	10:i
Broilers	8000	4:one

Data from US Department of Agriculture (11).

Data from Pimentel (9).

Table 2

Animal product in the United States and the fossil energy required to produce 1 kcal of animal poly peptide

Livestock and animate being products	Production volume ^one	Ratio of free energy input to protein output ^two
	× 10 ⁶	kcal
Lamb	7	57:1
Beef cattle	74	forty:1
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	threescore	fourteen:1
Dairy (milk)	thirteen	14:ane
Turkeys	273	10:i
Broilers	8000	4:ane

Livestock and animal products	Production volume ¹	Ratio of energy input to poly peptide output ⁱⁱ
	× ten ⁶	kcal
Lamb	seven	57:1
Beef cattle	74	40:1
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	60	14:1
Dairy (milk)	13	14:1
Turkeys	273	x:ane
Broilers	8000	4:1

Data from The states Department of Agriculture (11).

Information from Pimentel (ix).

The 2 livestock systems depending most heavily on provender simply too using meaning amounts of grain are the beef and lamb product systems ( Table iii). The beef system has a ratio of 40:1, while the lamb has the highest, with a ratio of 57:1 (Tabular array 2). If these animals were fed on only good-quality pasture, the energy inputs could be reduced by about half.

TABLE 3

Grain and provender inputs per kilogram of beast production produced

Livestock	Grain ¹	Forage ²
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	30
Beef cattle	13	30
Eggs	xi	—
Swine	v.9	—
Turkeys	3.8	—
Broilers	two.three	—
Dairy (milk)	0.vii	1

Livestock	Grain ¹	Provender ²
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	xxx
Beef cattle	13	30
Eggs	xi	—
Swine	5.9	—
Turkeys	3.8	—
Broilers	ii.three	—
Dairy (milk)	0.seven	1

Data from US Section of Agriculture (11).

Information from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (15).

Table 3

Grain and provender inputs per kilogram of animal product produced

Livestock	Grain ⁱ	Fodder ^two
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	30
Beef cattle	xiii	30
Eggs	11	—
Swine	5.9	—
Turkeys	three.8	—
Broilers	2.3	—
Dairy (milk)	0.vii	1

Livestock	Grain ¹	Forage ²
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	30
Beefiness cattle	13	30
Eggs	eleven	—
Swine	5.9	—
Turkeys	3.8	—
Broilers	2.iii	—
Dairy (milk)	0.vii	1

one

Data from US Department of Agriculture (11).

two

Data from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (15).

The average fossil energy input for all the animal protein product systems studied is 25 kcal fossil energy input per 1 kcal of protein produced (Table two). This energy input is more than eleven times greater than that for grain poly peptide production, which is virtually 2.2 kcal of fossil energy input per 1 kcal of constitute protein produced ( Table 4). This is for corn and assumes 9% protein in the corn. Creature protein is a complete protein based on its amino acrid contour and has almost i.iv times the biological value of grain protein (8).

Tabular array 4

Energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Cost
		kcal × grand	$
Labor (h) ¹	11.4 (16) ²	462	114.00 ³
Machinery (kg)	55 (viii)	1018 (17)	103.21 (18)
Diesel (L)	42.ii (19, 20)	481 (17)	8.87 (21)
Gasoline (L)	32.4 (19, 20)	328 (17)	9.xl (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.6 (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.8 (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.9 (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.fourscore (16)
Seeds (kg)	21 (8)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.7 (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.ii (22)	320 (17)	64.00 ^four
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	18.forty ^four
Electricity (kWh)	thirteen.ii (xix, 20)	34 (17)	2.38 ⁵
Transportation (kg) ^vi	151	125 (17)	45.30 ^vii
Total (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 ^viii	844.38

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Toll
		kcal × 1000	$
Labor (h) ¹	11.4 (16) ²	462	114.00 ³
Machinery (kg)	55 (eight)	1018 (17)	103.21 (18)
Diesel (Fifty)	42.2 (19, 20)	481 (17)	8.87 (21)
Gasoline (L)	32.four (xix, twenty)	328 (17)	9.40 (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.6 (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.eight (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.9 (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.80 (xvi)
Seeds (kg)	21 (eight)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.7 (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.two (22)	320 (17)	64.00 ⁴
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	18.40 ⁴
Electricity (kWh)	13.2 (19, xx)	34 (17)	2.38 ^v
Transportation (kg) ⁶	151	125 (17)	45.30 ⁷
Total (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 ^eight	844.38

It is causeless that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an average of 8100 L oil equivalents/y.

Reference.

It is causeless that farm labor is paid $10/h.

four

Information technology is causeless that herbicide and insecticide prices are $xx/kg.

The price of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).

Goods transported include machinery, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated 1000 km.

vii

Send was estimated to price $0.30/kg.

Ratio of kcal input to output = i:4.07.

TABLE iv

Energy inputs and costs of corn product per hectare in the United States

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Price
		kcal × 1000	$
Labor (h) ^ane	11.4 (16) ²	462	114.00 ³
Machinery (kg)	55 (8)	1018 (17)	103.21 (18)
Diesel (50)	42.2 (19, 20)	481 (17)	8.87 (21)
Gasoline (L)	32.4 (19, 20)	328 (17)	ix.40 (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.half-dozen (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.8 (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.9 (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.80 (sixteen)
Seeds (kg)	21 (eight)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.seven (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	three.ii (22)	320 (17)	64.00 ⁴
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	18.40 ⁴
Electricity (kWh)	13.two (19, twenty)	34 (17)	two.38 ^v
Transportation (kg) ^vi	151	125 (17)	45.thirty ⁷
Full (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 ⁸	844.38

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Cost
		kcal × 1000	$
Labor (h) ¹	11.4 (16) ^two	462	114.00 ³
Mechanism (kg)	55 (8)	1018 (17)	103.21 (eighteen)
Diesel (L)	42.two (nineteen, 20)	481 (17)	8.87 (21)
Gasoline (L)	32.iv (19, xx)	328 (17)	9.40 (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.6 (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.8 (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.9 (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.eighty (16)
Seeds (kg)	21 (8)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.vii (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.2 (22)	320 (17)	64.00 ^four
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	18.40 ⁴
Electricity (kWh)	13.two (nineteen, 20)	34 (17)	ii.38 ⁵
Transportation (kg) ⁶	151	125 (17)	45.30 ⁷
Total (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 ^viii	844.38

one

It is assumed that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an average of 8100 L oil equivalents/y.

Reference.

Information technology is causeless that farm labor is paid $10/h.

It is assumed that herbicide and insecticide prices are $20/kg.

The cost of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).

Appurtenances transported include machinery, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated 1000 km.

seven

Transport was estimated to cost $0.30/kg.

eight

Ratio of kcal input to output = 1:4.07.

LAND Resources

More than 99.2% of US food is produced on land, while < 0.8% comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems. The continued use and productivity of the state is a growing concern because of the rapid charge per unit of soil erosion and degradation throughout the Us and the world. Each year about 90% of United states cropland loses soil at a rate xiii times above the sustainable rate of 1 ton/ha/y (28). Also, Usa pastures and rangelands are losing soil at an average of 6 tons/ha/y. Near lx% of United States pastureland is being overgrazed and is subject to accelerated erosion.

The concern about high rates of soil erosion in the U.s.a. and the world is evident when it is understood that information technology takes approximately 500 y to replace 25 mm (one in) of lost soil (28). Conspicuously, a farmer cannot wait for the replacement of 25 mm of soil. Commercial fertilizers can replace some food loss resulting from soil erosion, but this requires large inputs of fossil energy.

H2o Resource

Agricultural production, including livestock product, consumes more than fresh water than whatever other activity in the United States. Western agricultural irrigation accounts for 85% of the fresh water consumed (29). The water required to produce diverse foods and forage crops ranges from 500 to 2000 L of water per kilogram of ingather produced. For case, a hectare of The states corn transpires more than 5 1000000 L of water during the 3-mo growing season. If irrigation is required, more ten 1000000 Fifty of water must exist applied. Even with 800–grand mm of annual rainfall in the US Corn Belt, corn usually suffers from lack of water in late July, when the corn is growing the nigh.

Producing 1 kg of animal protein requires about 100 times more water than producing ane kg of grain protein (eight). Livestock directly uses but i.iii% of the total water used in agriculture. Even so, when the water required for forage and grain production is included, the water requirements for livestock production dramatically increase. For example, producing one kg of fresh beef may require well-nigh 13 kg of grain and 30 kg of hay (17). This much fodder and grain requires about 100 000 L of water to produce the 100 kg of hay, and 5400 L for the 4 kg of grain. On rangeland for forage production, more than 200 000 Fifty of water are needed to produce 1 kg of beef (30). Animals vary in the amounts of h2o required for their product. In contrast to beef, i kg of broiler can exist produced with about 2.3 kg of grain requiring approximately 3500 L of water.

Determination

Both the meat-based average American nutrition and the lactoovovegetarian diet require significant quantities of nonrenewable fossil energy to produce. Thus, both food systems are non sustainable in the long term based on heavy fossil energy requirements. However, the meat-based diet requires more than energy, land, and h2o resource than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this express sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more than sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.

The major threat to futurity survival and to U.s. natural resources is rapid population growth. The US population of 285 million is projected to double to 570 million in the next seventy y, which will identify greater stress on the already-express supply of energy, land, and water resources. These vital resources volition have to be divided amidst ever greater numbers of people.

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FOOTNOTES

Presented at the Fourth International Congress on Vegetarian Diet, held in Hill Linda, CA, April 8–11, 2002. Published proceedings edited by Joan Sabaté and Sujatha Rajaram, Colina Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.

Source: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/78/3/660S/4690010

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